Catfish Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

Order of fishes

For the deceptive online actions by one to another, see Catfishing.

Catfish Temporal range: Late Cretaceous – present 100–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O South D C P T J M Pg N
Black bullhead
Scientific nomenclature
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Grade:	Actinopterygii
(unranked):	Otophysi
Order:	Siluriformes K. Cuvier, 1817
Blazon species
Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758
Families[2]
– Extant families - Ailiidae[one] Akysidae Amblycipitidae Amphiliidae Anchariidae Ariidae Aspredinidae Astroblepidae Auchenipteridae Austroglanididae Bagridae Callichthyidae Cetopsidae Chacidae Clariidae Claroteidae Cranoglanididae Diplomystidae Doradidae Erethistidae Heptapteridae Heteropneustidae Horabagridae[1] Ictaluridae Kryptoglanidae Lacantuniidae Loricariidae Malapteruridae Mochokidae Nematogenyiidae Pangasiidae Pimelodidae Plotosidae Pseudopimelodidae Schilbeidae Scoloplacidae Siluridae Sisoridae Trichomycteridae incertae sedis Conorhynchos – Extinct family unit - Andinichthyidae †

Catfish (or catfishes; lodge Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a various grouping of ray-finned fish. Named for their prominent barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species live, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia, the wels catfish of Eurasia, and the piraíba of South America, to detritivores (species that swallow dead material on the bottom), and even to a tiny parasitic species unremarkably called the Candiru, Vandellia cirrhosa. Neither the armour-plated types nor the naked types have scales. Despite their name, non all catfish accept prominent barbels or "whiskers". Members of the Siluriformes social club are divers by features of the skull and swimbladder. Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of the larger species are farmed or fished for food. Many of the smaller species, particularly the genus Corydoras, are important in the aquarium hobby. Many catfish are nocturnal,^{[3] [iv]} but others (many Auchenipteridae) are crepuscular or diurnal (nigh Loricariidae or Callichthyidae, for example).

Ecology [edit]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

Extant catfish species live inland or in coastal waters of every continent except Antarctica. Catfish have inhabited all continents at ane time or another.^[5] They are virtually various in tropical South America, Asia, and Africa, with ane family unit native to North America and one family in Europe.^[half-dozen] More than half of all catfish species live in the Americas. They are the simply ostariophysans that have entered freshwater habitats in Madagascar, Commonwealth of australia, and New Republic of guinea.^[vii]

They are plant in fresh water environments, though most inhabit shallow, running water.^[7] Representatives of at least eight families are hypogean (live underground) with three families that are also troglobitic (inhabiting caves).^{[8] [9]} 1 such species is Phreatobius cisternarum, known to live hugger-mugger in phreatic habitats.^[ten] Numerous species from the families Ariidae and Plotosidae, and a few species from amidst the Aspredinidae and Bagridae, are found in salt water.^{[11] [12]}

In the Southern Usa, catfish species may be known past a multifariousness of slang names, such equally "mud cat", "polliwogs", or "chuckleheads".^[13] These nicknames are non standardized, so i area may call a bullhead catfish by the nickname "chucklehead", while in some other state or region, that nickname refers to the blue catfish.

Equally invasive species [edit]

Representatives of the genus Ictalurus accept been introduced into European waters in the promise of obtaining a sporting and food resource, but the European stock of American catfishes has not achieved the dimensions of these fish in their native waters, and take only increased the ecological force per unit area on native European brute. Walking catfish have besides been introduced in the freshwater areas of Florida, with the voracious catfish becoming a major conflicting pest there. Flathead catfish, Pylodictis olivaris, is too a N American pest on Atlantic slope drainages.^[half-dozen] Pterygoplichthys species, released by aquarium fishkeepers, have also established feral populations in many warm waters around the globe.^{[xiv] [15] [16] [17] [18]}

Physical characteristics [edit]

External beefcake of catfish [edit]

Most catfish are lesser feeders. In general, they are negatively buoyant, which means that they usually sink rather than float due to a reduced gas bladder and a heavy, bony head.^[seven] Catfish have a multifariousness of body shapes, though most have a cylindrical body with a flattened ventrum to allow for benthic feeding.^[seven]

A flattened caput allows for digging through the substrate, also as possibly serving as a hydrofoil. Some take a mouth that can expand to a large size and contains no incisiform teeth; catfish generally feed through suction or gulping rather than biting and cutting prey.^[seven] Some families, though, notably the Loricariidae and Astroblepidae, have a suckermouth that allows them to fasten themselves to objects in fast-moving water. Catfish also have a maxilla reduced to a back up for barbels; this ways that they are unable to beetle their mouths as other fish such every bit bother.^[7]

Catfish may have up to four pairs of barbels - nasal, maxillary (on each side of oral cavity), and 2 pairs of chin barbels, though pairs of barbels may be absent-minded depending on the species. Catfish barbels always occur in pairs. Many larger catfish too accept chemoreceptors beyond their entire bodies, which means they "gustation" anything they bear on and "odour" any chemicals in the water. "In catfish, gustatory modality plays a primary part in the orientation and location of food".^[xix] Because their barbels and chemoreception are more important in detecting food, the eyes on catfish are more often than not small. Like other ostariophysans, they are characterized by the presence of a Weberian appliance.^[5] Their well-developed Weberian apparatus and reduced gas bladder let for improved hearing and audio product.^[7]

Catfish do non have scales; their bodies are frequently naked. In some species, their mucus-covered skin is used in cutaneous respiration, where the fish breathes through its peel.^[7] In some catfish, the peel is covered in bony plates called scutes; some form of torso armor appears in various ways within the order. In loricarioids and in the Asian genus Sisor, the armor is primarily fabricated up of one or more rows of free dermal plates. Similar plates are establish in large specimens of Lithodoras. These plates may be supported past vertebral processes, as in scoloplacids and in Sisor, but the processes never fuse to the plates or form any external armor. Past contrast, in the subfamily Doumeinae (family Amphiliidae) and in hoplomyzontines (Aspredinidae), the armor is formed solely by expanded vertebral processes that grade plates. Finally, the lateral armor of doradids, Sisor, and hoplomyzontines consists of hypertrophied lateral line ossicles with dorsal and ventral lamina.^[20]

All catfish other than members of the Malapteruridae (electric catfish), possess a strong, hollow, bony, leading spine-like ray on their dorsal and pectoral fins. As a defense, these spines may exist locked into place so that they stick outwards, which can inflict astringent wounds.^[vi] In numerous catfish species, these fin rays can exist used to deliver a stinging poly peptide if the fish is irritated;^[21] as many as half of all catfish species may be venomous in this fashion, making the Siluriformes overwhelmingly the vertebrate guild with the largest number of venomous species.^[22] This venom is produced by glandular cells in the epidermal tissue roofing the spines.^[5] In members of the family Plotosidae and of the genus Heteropneustes, this protein is so stiff it may hospitalize humans who receive a sting; in Plotosus lineatus, the stings tin can be lethal.^[v] The dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines are 2 of the near conspicuous features of siluriforms, and differ from those in other fish groups.^[23] Despite the widespread use of the spines for taconomic and phylogenetic studies the fields have struggled to effectively use the information due to a lack of consistency in the nomenclature, with a general standard for the descriptive beefcake of catfish spines proposed in 2022 to try and resolve this problem.^[23]

Juvenile catfish, similar most fish, take relatively large heads, optics, and posterior median fins in comparison to larger, more mature individuals. These juveniles can be readily placed in their families, particularly those with highly derived fin or body shapes; in some cases, identification of the genus is possible. Every bit far as known for most catfish, features that are oftentimes characteristic of species, such as mouth and fin positions, fin shapes, and barbel lengths, show little difference between juveniles and adults. For many species, pigmentation design is besides similar in juveniles and adults. Thus, juvenile catfish by and large resemble and develop smoothly into their developed form without singled-out juvenile specializations. Exceptions to this are the ariid catfish, where the young retain yolk sacs belatedly into juvenile stages, and many pimelodids, which may accept elongated barbels and fin filaments or coloration patterns.^[24]

Sexual dimorphism is reported in about one-half of all families of catfish.^[25] The modification of the anal fin into an intromittent organ (in internal fertilizers) likewise as accompaniment structures of the reproductive appliance (in both internal and external fertilizers) take been described in species belonging to 11 different families.^[26]

Size [edit]

Behemothic Bagarius yarrelli (goonch) caught in India: Some goonch in the Kali River abound large enough to attack humans and h2o buffalo.

Catfish take one of the greatest ranges in size within a single order of bony fish.^[7] Many catfish take a maximum length of under 12 cm (4.7 in).^[v] Some of the smallest species of the Aspredinidae and Trichomycteridae accomplish sexual maturity at only 1 cm (0.39 in).^[vi]

The wels catfish, Silurus glanis, and the much smaller related Aristotle'southward catfish, are the only catfish indigenous to Europe; the former ranges throughout Europe, and the latter is restricted to Hellenic republic. Mythology and literature record wels catfish of astounding proportions, yet are to exist proven scientifically. The typical size of the species is nigh ane.2–1.6 1000 (3.9–five.2 ft), and fish more than 2 m (half-dozen.6 ft) are rare. All the same, they are known to exceed ii.5 yard (8.two ft) in length and 100 kg (220 lb) in weight. In July 2009, a catfish weighing 88 kilograms (194 lb) was caught in the River Ebro, Kingdom of spain, past an eleven-year-old British schoolgirl.^[27]

In Northward America, the largest Ictalurus furcatus (blue catfish) caught in the Missouri River on xx July 2010, weighed 59 kg (130 lb). The largest flathead catfish, Pylodictis olivaris, e'er defenseless was in Independence, Kansas, weighing 56 kg (123 lb).

These records pale in comparison to a Mekong giant catfish caught in northern Thailand on i May 2005, and reported to the press most 2 months later on, that weighed 293 kilograms (646 lb). This is the largest giant Mekong catfish caught since Thai officials started keeping records in 1981.^[28] As well in Asia, Jeremy Wade caught a 75.v-kilogram (166.four lb) goonch post-obit three fatal attacks on humans in the Kali River on the Bharat-Nepal border. Wade was of the opinion that the offending fish must accept been significantly larger than this to have taken an 18-year-quondam boy, also equally a water buffalo.^{[ citation needed ]}

Piraíba (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum) can grow uncommonly big and are native to the Amazon Basin. They can occasionally abound to 200 kg (440 lb), as evidenced by numerous catches. Deaths from being swallowed past these fish have been reported in the region.

Internal anatomy [edit]

Kryptopterus vitreolus (glass catfish) take transparent bodies lacking both scales and pigments. Most of the internal organs are located virtually the caput.

In many catfish, the "humeral procedure" is a bony process extending astern from the pectoral girdle immediately above the base of operations of the pectoral fin. Information technology lies beneath the pare, where its outline may be adamant by dissecting the peel or probing with a needle.^[29]

The retinae of catfish are equanimous of single cones and large rods. Many catfish have a tapetum lucidum, which may aid enhance photon capture and increment depression-lite sensitivity. Double cones, though present in well-nigh teleosts, are absent from catfish.^[30]

The anatomical organization of the testis in catfish is variable among the families of catfish, but the majority of them present fringed testis: Ictaluridae, Claridae, Auchenipteridae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, and Pseudopimelodidae.^[31] In the testes of some species of Siluriformes, organs and structures such as a spermatogenic cranial region and a secretory caudal region are observed, in improver to the presence of seminal vesicles in the caudal region.^[32] The total number of fringes and their length are different in the caudal and cranial portions betwixt species.^[31] Fringes of the caudal region may present tubules, in which the lumen is filled by secretion and spermatozoa.^[31] Spermatocysts are formed from cytoplasmic extensions of Sertoli cells; the release of spermatozoa is allowed by breaking of the cyst walls.^[31]

The occurrence of seminal vesicles, in spite of their interspecific variability in size, gross morphology, and office, has not been related to the mode of fertilization. They are typically paired, multichambered, and connected with the sperm duct, and accept been reported to play glandular and storage functions. Seminal vesicle secretion may include steroids and steroid glucuronides, with hormonal and pheromonal functions, simply it appears to exist primarily constituted of mucoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides, and phospholipids.^[26]

Fish ovaries may be of ii types - gymnovarian or cystovarian. In the starting time type, the oocytes are released straight into the coelomic cavity and then eliminated. In the second type, the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the oviduct.^[32] Many catfish are cystovarian in type, including Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, P. fasciatum, Lophiosilurus alexandri, and Loricaria lentiginosa.^{[31] [32]}

Advice [edit]

Sound production and interpretation [edit]

Catfish can produce different types of sounds and as well have well-adult auditory reception used to discriminate between sounds with dissimilar pitches and velocities. They are too able to determine the distance of the sound'south origin and from what direction it originated.^[33] This is a very important fish advice mechanism, especially during agonistic and distress behaviors. Catfish are able to produce a variety of sounds for advice that tin exist classified into two groups: drumming sounds and stridulation sounds. The variability in catfish sound signals differs due to a few factors: the mechanism by which the audio is produced, the part of the resulting sound, and physiological differences such as size, sex, and age.^[34] To create a drumming sound, catfish use an indirect vibration mechanism using a swimbladder. In these fishes, sonic muscles insert on the ramus Mulleri, also known as the elastic spring. The sonic muscles pull the rubberband jump forrard and extend the swimbladder. When the muscles relax, the tension in the spring quickly returns the swimbladder to its original position, which produces the audio.^[35]

Catfish also have a sound-generating machinery in their pectoral fins. Many species in the catfish family unit possess an enhanced first pectoral fin ray, chosen the spine, which tin exist moved by large abductor and adductor muscles. The base of the catfishes' spines has a sequence of ridges, and the spine normally slides within a groove on the fish's pelvic girdle during routine movement; but, pressing the ridges on the spine against the pelvic girdle groove creates a series of short pulses.^{[33] [35]} The move is analogous to a finger moving down the teeth of a comb, and consequently a series of sharp taps is produced.^[34]

Sound-generating mechanisms are often different between genders. In some catfish, pectoral fins are longer in males than in females of similar length, and differences in the characteristic of the sounds produced were also observed.^[35] Comparing between families of the same order of catfish demonstrated family and species-specific patterns of vox, according to a study past Maria Clara Amorim. During courtship behavior in three species of Corydoras catfish, all males actively produced stridulation sounds before egg fertilization, and the species' songs were different in pulse number and sound duration.^[36]

Sound product in catfish may also be correlated with fighting and warning calls. According to a written report by Kaatz, sounds for disturbance (e.g. alarm) and agonistic behavior were not significantly dissimilar, which suggests distress sounds can be used to sample variation in agonistic sound product.^[36] Notwithstanding, in a comparison of a few dissimilar species of tropical catfish, some fish put under distress atmospheric condition produced a college intensity of stridulatory sounds than drumming sounds.^[37] Differences in the proportion of drumming versus stridulation sounds depend on morphological constraints, such every bit different sizes of drumming muscles and pectoral spines. Due to these constraints, some fish may not fifty-fifty be able to produce a specific sound. In several different species of catfish, aggressive audio product occurs during cover site defense or during threats from other fish. More specifically, in long-whiskered catfish, drumming sounds are used as a threatening betoken and stridulations are used as a defense betoken. Kaatz investigated 83 species from fourteen families of catfish, and determined that catfish produce more stridulatory sounds in disturbance situations and more swimbladder sounds in intraspecific conflicts.^[37]

Economical importance [edit]

Aquaculture [edit]

Loading U.Due south. Farm-Raised Catfish.

Catfish are easy to subcontract in warm climates, leading to inexpensive and safe food at local grocers. Near 60% of U.S. subcontract-raised catfish are grown within a 65-mile (100-km) radius of Belzoni, Mississippi.^[38] Aqueduct catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) supports a $450 million/yr aquaculture industry.^[6] The largest producers are located in the Southern United States, including Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas.^[39]

Catfish raised in inland tanks or channels are usually considered safety for the environment, since their waste and disease should be contained and not spread to the wild.^[40]

In Asia, many catfish species are important as food. Several airbreathing catfish (Clariidae) and shark catfish (Pangasiidae) species are heavily cultured in Africa and Asia. Exports of one particular shark catfish species from Vietnam, Pangasius bocourti, have met with pressures from the U.Southward. catfish industry. In 2003, The Us Congress passed a law preventing the imported fish from being labeled every bit catfish.^[41] As a upshot, the Vietnamese exporters of this fish now label their products sold in the U.Southward. as "basa fish." Trader Joe's has labeled frozen fillets of Vietnamese Pangasius hypophthalmus as "striper."^[42]

In that location is a large and growing ornamental fish trade, with hundreds of species of catfish, such every bit Corydoras and armored suckermouth catfish (often called plecos), existence a pop component of many aquaria. Other catfish usually found in the aquarium trade are banjo catfish, talking catfish, and long-whiskered catfish.

Catfish as food [edit]

Catfish have widely been caught and farmed for food for hundreds of years in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Judgments as to the quality and season vary, with some food critics because catfish excellent to swallow, while others dismiss them as watery and lacking in flavor.^[43] Catfish is high in vitamin D.^[44] Farm-raised catfish contains low levels of omega-3 fatty acids and a much higher proportion of omega-6 fatty acids.^[45]

In Central Europe, catfish were often viewed as a delicacy to be enjoyed on feast days and holidays. Migrants from Europe and Africa to the United States brought forth this tradition, and in the Southern U.s.a., catfish is an extremely popular food.

The virtually commonly eaten species in the Us are the aqueduct catfish and the blue catfish, both of which are mutual in the wild and increasingly widely farmed. Farm-raised catfish became such a staple of the U.S. diet that President Ronald Reagan established National Catfish Mean solar day on June 25, 1987 to recognize "the value of farm-raised catfish."

Catfish is eaten in a variety of ways. In Europe, it is oft cooked in similar ways to carp, but in the United states it is popularly crumbed with cornmeal and fried.^[43]

In Indonesia, catfish is usually served fried or grilled in street stalls called warung and eaten with vegetables, sambal (a spicy bask or sauce), and commonly nasi uduk (traditional coconut rice). The dish is called pecel lele or pecak lele. Lele is the Indonesian word for catfish. The same dish can also be called as lele penyet (squashed catfish) if the fish is lightly squashed forth with sambal with a stone mortar-and-pestle. The pecel/pecak version presents the fish in a separate plate while the mortar is solely for sambal

In Malaysia, catfish is called ikan keli and is fried with spices or grilled and eaten with tamarind and Thai chili gravy and is too often eaten with steamed rice.

In Bangladesh and the Indian states of Odisha, West Bengal and Assam, catfish (locally known as magur) is eaten equally a favored effeminateness during the monsoons. In the Indian state of Kerala, the local catfish, known as thedu' or etta in Malayalam, is also popular.

In Hungary, catfish is often cooked in paprika sauce (Harcsapaprikás) typical of Hungarian cuisine. Information technology is traditionally served with pasta smothered with curd cheese (túrós csusza).

In Myanmar (formally Burma), catfish is usually used in mohinga, a traditional noodle fish soup cooked with lemon grass, ginger, garlic, pepper, banana stem, onions, and other local ingredients.

Vietnamese catfish, of the genus Pangasius, cannot be legally marketed as catfish in the United States, and so is referred to as swai or basa.^[46] But fish of the family Ictaluridae may be marketed as catfish in the United States.^{[47] [48]} In the UK, Vietnamese catfish is sometimes sold as "Vietnamese river cobbler", although more commonly as Basa.^[49]

In Nigeria, catfish is often cooked in a variety of stews. Information technology is particularly cooked in a effeminateness popularly known as "catfish pepper soup" which is enjoyed throughout the nation.^[l]

In Jewish dietary police, known as kashrut, fish must have fins and scales to be kosher.^[51] Since catfish lacks scales, they are non kosher.^[52]

Dangers to humans [edit]

While the vast majority of catfish are harmless to humans, a few species are known to present some take chances. Many catfish species accept "stings" (actually non-venomous in well-nigh cases) embedded backside their fins; thus precautions must be taken when treatment them. Stings by the venomous striped eel catfish have killed people in rare cases.^[53]

Taxonomy [edit]

The catfish are a monophyletic grouping. This is supported by molecular prove.^[54]

Catfish belong to a superorder called the Ostariophysi, which also includes the Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Gonorynchiformes and Gymnotiformes, a superorder characterized past the Weberian apparatus. Some place Gymnotiformes as a sub-order of Siluriformes, however this is not equally widely accustomed. Currently, the Siluriformes are said to be the sister group to the Gymnotiformes, though this has been debated due to more recent molecular evidence.^[five] Every bit of 2007^[update] there are almost 36 extant catfish families, and about 3,093 extant species have been described.^[55] This makes the catfish order the 2nd or third almost diverse vertebrate order; in fact, 1 out of every 20 vertebrate species is a catfish.^[6]

The taxonomy of catfish is quickly changing. In a 2007 and 2008 newspaper, Horabagrus, Phreatobius, and Conorhynchos were not classified under whatever current catfish families.^[55] There is disagreement on the family unit condition of sure groups; for instance, Nelson (2006) lists Auchenoglanididae and Heteropneustidae as carve up families, while the All Catfish Species Inventory (ACSI) includes them nether other families. Too, FishBase and the Integrated Taxonomic Information Organization lists Parakysidae every bit a separate family, while this group is included under Akysidae by both Nelson (2006) and ACSI.^{[v] [56] [57] [58]} Many sources do not list the recently revised family Anchariidae.^[59] The family Horabagridae, including Horabagrus, Pseudeutropius, and Platytropius, is besides not shown by some authors but presented by others every bit a truthful grouping.^[54] Thus, the bodily number of families differs between authors. The species count is in constant flux due to taxonomic work also equally clarification of new species. On the other mitt, our understanding of catfish should increase in the side by side few years due to work by the ACSI.^[5]

The charge per unit of description of new catfish is at an all-time loftier. Between 2003 and 2005, over 100 species accept been named, a charge per unit three times faster than that of the past century.^[60] In June 2005, researchers named the newest family unit of catfish, Lacantuniidae, only the third new family of fish distinguished in the last lxx years (others being the coelacanth in 1938 and the megamouth shark in 1983). The new species in Lacantuniidae, Lacantunia enigmatica, was found in the Lacantun river in the Mexican land of Chiapas.^[61]

The higher-level phylogeny of Siluriformes has gone through several recent changes, mainly due to molecular phylogenetic studies. While virtually studies, both morphological and molecular, hold that catfishes are arranged into three chief lineages, the relationship among these lineages has been a contentious bespeak in which morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, performed for case by Rui Diogo, differ.^{[62] [63] [64] [65] [66]} The three main lineages in Siluriformes are the family Diplomystidae, the denticulate catfish suborder Loricarioidei (which includes the families Nematogenyidae, Trichomycteridae, Callichthyidae, Scoloplacidae, Astroblepidae, and Loricariidae, which is sometimes referred to every bit the superfamily Loricarioidea), and the suborder Siluroidei, which contains the remaining families of the order. Co-ordinate to morphological data, Diplomystidae is commonly considered to be the earliest branching catfish lineage and the sis group to the other two lineages, Loricarioidei and Siluroidei.^{[65] [66] [67]} Molecular evidence usually contrasts with this hypothesis, and shows the suborder Loricarioidei as the earliest branching catfish lineage, and sister to a clade that includes the Diplomystidae and Siluroidei. While in the first study this relationship was proposed^[54] the "morphological" hypothesis could not exist rejected, the new, "molecular" phylogenetic hypothesis was later obtained in numerous other phylogenetic studies based on genetic data.^{[62] [63] [68]} Nonetheless, a recent study based on molecular information argued that the previous "molecular" hypothesis is the issue of phylogenetic artifacts due to a stiff heterogeneity in evolutionary rates amid siluriform lineages.^[64] In that report it was suggested that the fast evolution of the Loricarioidei suborder was attracting this clade to the outgroups through long branch allure, incorrectly placing it every bit the earliest-branching catfish lineage. When a information filtering method^[69] was used to reduce lineage rate heterogeneity (the potential source of bias) on their dataset, a last phylogeny was recovered which showed the Diplomystidae are the earliest-branching catfish, followed past Loricarioidei and Siluroidei as sister lineages. Thus, at that place is currently both morphological and molecular testify for a higher-level phylogenetic organization of Siluriformes in which Diplomystidae is the earliest branching catfish, sister to a clade including the Loricarioidei and Siluroidei suborders.

Below is a list of family relationships by dissimilar authors. Lacantuniidae is included in the Sullivan scheme based on recent evidence that places it sister to Claroteidae.^[lxx]

Nelson, 2006[five]		Sullivan et al., 2006[54]
Unresolved families Cetopsidae Pseudopimelodidae Heptapteridae Cranoglanididae Ictaluridae Loricarioidea Amphiliidae Trichomycteridae Nematogenyiidae Callichthyidae Scoloplacidae Astroblepidae Loricariidae Sisoroidea Amblycipitidae Akysidae Sisoridae Erethistidae Aspredinidae Doradoidea Mochokidae Doradidae Auchenipteridae	Siluroidea Siluridae Malapteruridae Auchenoglanididae Chacidae Plotosidae Clariidae Heteropneustidae Bagroidea Austroglanididae Claroteidae Ariidae Schilbeidae Pangasiidae Bagridae Pimelodidae	Unresolved families Cetopsidae Plotosidae Chacidae Siluridae Pangasiidae Suborder Loricarioidei Trichomycteridae Nematogenyiidae Callichthyidae Scoloplacidae Astroblepidae Loricariidae Clarioidea Clariidae Heteropneustidae Arioidea Ariidae Anchariidae Pimelodoidea Pimelodidae Pseudopimelodidae Heptapteridae Conorhynchos Ictaluroidea Ictaluridae Cranoglanididae	Doradoidea (sister to Aspredinidae) Doradidae Auchenipteridae "Big Asia" Sisoroidea Amblycipitidae Akysidae Sisoridae Erethistidae Ailia + Laides (Asian schilbeids) Horabagridae (Horabagrus + Pseudeutropius + Platytropius) Bagridae (without Rita) "Big Africa" Mochokidae Malapteruridae Amphiliidae Claroteidae Lacantuniidae Schilbeidae

Phylogeny [edit]

Phylogeny of living Siluriformes based on 2017^[71] and extinct families based on Nelson, Grande & Wilson 2016.^[72]

Unassigned families:

• Scoloplacidae (Loricarioidei)
• Akysidae (Sisoroidea)
• Amblycipitidae (Sisoroidea)
• Anchariidae (Arioidea)
• Ariidae (Arioidea)
• Amphiliidae (Big African catfishes)
• Austroglanididae (Arioidea)
• Chacidae (Siluroidei)
• Conorhynchos (Pimelodoidea)
• Cranoglanididae (Ictaluroidea)
• Heteropneustidae (Clarioidea)
• Horabagridae (Sisoroidea)
• Kryptoglanidae (Siluroidea)
• Lacantuniidae (Big African catfishes)
• Malapteruridae (Big African catfishes)
• Phreatobiidae (Pimelodoidea)
• Rita (Sisoroidea)
• Schilbeidae (Big African catfishes)

Timeline [edit]

Catfish fishing records [edit]

Past information from International Game Fish Association IGFA the nigh outstanding record:^[73]

• The biggest flathead catfish caught was by Ken Paulie in the Elk City Reservoir in Kansas, USA on 19 May 1998 that weighed 55.79 kg (123 lbs. 0 oz.)

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Wang, J., Lu, B., Zan, R., Chai, J., Ma, W., Jin, W., Duan, R., Luo, J., Potato, R.West., Xiao, H. & Chen, Z. (2016): Phylogenetic Relationships of Five Asian Schilbid Genera Including Clupisoma (Siluriformes: Schilbeidae). PLOS 1, 11 (1): e0145675.
2. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). "Siluriformes" in FishBase. December 2011 version.
3. ^ Catfish Varieties. animal-world.com
4. ^ Wong, Kate (6 June 2001) "How Nocturnal Catfish Stalk Their Prey". Scientific American.
5. ^ ^{a b c d east f one thousand h i} Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN978-0-471-25031-9.
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External links [edit]

• All catfish species inventory
• "Giant Baghair caught in Jamuna" in The Daily Star (Bangladesh), 12 May 2009
• Skelton, Paul H. and Teugels, Guy Thousand. 1992. Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 56: Neotype description for the African catfish Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Pisces: Siluroidei: Clariidae). J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes Academy, Grahamstown, Southward Africa

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish

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